鳳

Socialtext 應用 Scrum 方法的三年(下)

(這是 Three Years of Scrum at Socialtext 這篇文章的中譯,接續上集的內容。)


改善 Standup 集會

彼此支援的互助方式,意味著開發人員不需要等開會,就能即時解決自己工作中的阻礙。

這樣一來,當我們每次在 Standup 集會上要列出自己遇到的阻礙時,實際上… 根本沒有任何阻礙。

此外,儘早消除阻礙還有另一個好處:我們通常都能完成每天的工作承諾。因此,“我昨天做了什麼”以及“上次 Standup 上我說過要做的事情”的實際內容是相同的,因此第二個狀態的更新也顯得多餘。

最後的結果是:原本每天要討論的三件事,最終被減少到一件。

突然之間,我們的開會時間大幅縮短,通常只需要 8-12 分鐘,有時候甚至更快。

為了加速集會進行,我們會在各自的微博上提前記錄內容,再由系統自動集中到共筆頁面上。在 Standup 集會裡,我們會直接將頁面進行畫面共享。當大家都習慣這樣的工作方式後,大部份人的狀態彙報通常只有一句:“就是各位看到的這樣”,或“沒什麼新內容,搞定”。

精通 Scrum 的專家看到這裡,可能會認為我們不太對勁:整個團隊似乎根本沒有溝通。但我認為實際情況正好相反:團隊的溝通非常順暢,只不過溝通都是在 Standup 之外進行的。我們每天的工作都列在看板系統上:這塊看板實際上就是一個自動產生的共筆頁面,其中列出我們目前流程中需要執行的每項工作,例如這樣:

(Socialtext 的看板內容節錄。此處的 WIP 是指“開發中的工作”。同一頁裡還包括“準備中”、“品管中”,以及“等待核可”等未顯示的部份。)

通過看板了解狀態,並隨時消除阻礙,這些做法使得 Standup 程序變得沒那麼重要。它像是解決早期問題的古老機制,已經不再適用於團隊的現況。

事實上,情況正是如此。當年 Schwaber 和 Sutherland 兩人在 EasleCorp 公司創建 Scrum 方法時,他們需要解決的具體問題是這樣的:各項需求之間彼此衝突和影響的程度如此之高,以至於技術人員根本無法開展工作 — 他們甚至無法發佈任何一項產品。

因此,您可以將 Scrum 模型裡的“衝刺周期”理解為改變過程中的喘息時間,或者直接想成是“請給我們一個月時間做出實際工作,然後再來修改計劃。”

最近一年多來,這樣的問題已經再也沒有在 Socialtext 出現過。於是我們繼續改善工作流程。

進一步改善流程

從 2007 年起,我們嚴格執行為期兩周的“衝刺周期”。這個模式運作了兩年多,直到 2010 年初為止。在這段時間裡,我們共進行了 52 次為期兩周的“衝刺”,其中 48 次準時發佈為新版的產品。(如果您想知道細節的話,有兩次失敗的衝刺是因為聖誕節和新年的延誤,一次是由於品質問題導致延期發佈,還有兩次是因為功能未臻完善,不適合發佈。)

這兩年間,我們也遇到了各種挑戰 — 有五六次升級造成運作上的瑕疵,需要開發人員提供支持。但產品的整體素質依然很高,同時幾乎沒有顧客抱怨功能上的問題。

在將我們的工作拆分為小塊的過程中,我們自己的技能也得以提高,同時對於功能可以正式完成的時間估計也更加精確。結果我們發現,如果將工作拆分為幾乎相同規模的小塊,通常根本不需要估算工作量,就能測量出預計的完成時間。

一旦所有工作項目都高度一致,團隊的流程就可以從“只要以高品質成功完成,我們可以每兩周發佈一次”,變成“只要這塊工作完成,我們就可以發佈” — 與此同時,管理層對於專案準時完工依然可以保持充足的信心。

如此一來,我們逐漸從傳統的 Scrum 模型轉變成“塊狀工作”法,也可以稱做“看板法”。

在這段時間裡,我們也對每天舉行的 Scrum 集會進行改進,首先在周三添加了“工程話題”環節,之後則將集會改為每天進行,但並不要求必須全員參加。(“工程話題”包括傳統員工會議裡常見的活動:宣布人員招募訊息、公司策略討論、層出不窮的員工意見建議、測試人員發現的潛在問題等。)

幸虧有了看板,會議的焦點不再是“我目前正在做什麼”,因為大家都可以一目了然地看到每個人正在做什麼。現在我們討論的是接下來需要做什麼,何時以及如何調整優先順序,以滿足每天的需求。如此一來,我們不再需要討論如何完成目標和任務,以及我們被什麼卡住,而是轉為討論團隊正在面臨哪些挑戰,以及我們可以採取的措施。

雖然沒有任何一種流程是完美的,但我必須說,我喜歡這種方式的發展方向。

請不要誤會本文的意圖。我並不是說傳統的每日 Scrum 方法不好,我也並不是要推廣說我們的方法更好。準確來說,我只是想提供某種類型的最佳實踐紀錄。

筆者認為,要形成良好的流程,需要不斷地反省、調整,再做出改變。成長過程中可能會承受痛苦,但決不要放棄追求改善:沒有最好,只有更好。您肯定也明白這一點。

變得“更好”,並不意味著原來的方法就是錯誤的。 Scrum 方法並非一成不變,而是一種不斷持續改進的流程。就像煮一碗湯,您可以品嘗它、改進它,讓它每次的味道都變得更好。

一旦走上這條道路,您就不僅是在開發軟體,更是在創造文化。

創造文化的過程或許艱難,也許會充滿挑戰與辛酸。

不過,最終還是值得的。

April 11, 2011 at 09:12 PM in Craft | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)

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Socialtext 應用 Scrum 方法的三年(上)

Scrum 方法乍看簡單,但長期採用它會產生怎樣的影響呢? Matt Heusser 花了一些時間反思,並寫下三年來每天在 Scrum 團隊裡工作,所經歷的實際情況。

(這是 Three Years of Scrum at Socialtext 這篇文章的中譯。)


這年頭,從樓上扔下一塊磚,都能砸到幾個向您推薦“如何使用 Scrum 方法過渡到敏捷開發”的專家們。這項工作非常重要,我也很高興看到有人這樣做,但本文的重點不在這裡。

相反的,我想講一講我們公司 Socialtext 採用 Scrum 方法的真實故事。

我在 2007 年秋天加入 Socialtext 時,我們才剛開始使用敏捷流程。在接下來的三年多裡,我們不斷針對開發流程進行改進。

本文的重點,並不在介紹敏捷開發的具體轉換過程,而是介紹 Scrum 方法,特別是每天的 Standup 會議,以及多年來的改善過程。

關於 Socialtext

Socialtext 的總部位於矽谷的核心地帶,主要負責營銷方面的運作。

雖然產品管理、工程總監,以及少數開發人員在總部上班,但絕大部分的技術人員,都是在遍布全球的分部,或是在自己家裡進行工作。

我們開發的產品,是給企業用的社會軟體。應用這個平台,可以在任何能上網的地方工作。這種靈活的工作方式讓團隊獲益匪淺:我們可以不受地理位置的限制,招募到最能勝任工作的人。

如果您由於地理位置或時區差異等原因,不確定 Scrum 方法是否適用,請別擔心;我們以前也有過這些疑慮,但後來都找到了合適的解決之道。

促進溝通協作

許多 Scrum 團隊認為開會是高成本、又容易浪費時間的事,因此嚴格限制團隊的溝通時間。我們嘗試了一種不同的策略:“盡量降低溝通成本”。

為了讓溝通更方便,我們團隊採用了 Astertisk 這項開源工具,作為 VoIP 語音服務器,並提供會議室功能。美西時間的早上十點到下午兩點是我們的共同工作時段,也就是可供開會溝通的時間。

一開始,我們採用定期兩周的“開發周期”,並且每周三次在下午一點舉行 Standup 集會。

在 Scrum 模式裡,每個人在 Standup 裡輪流報告三部分的訊息:我昨天做了些什麼,我今天打算做什麼,以及目前遇到的阻礙。

阻礙會大幅降低生產力,因為每位成員每天通常只專注於單一項目,所以如果項目卡住了,會讓開發人員變成非常昂貴的花瓶。

不過,即使是被卡住一天,也令人相當頭疼。要等一整天,在下次會議上再告訴別人,這個方法並不怎麼高明。因此,我們決定使用微博和聊天室作為彼此求助的管道。

此時團隊面臨一個決策:如果我們允許遇到阻礙的團隊成員打擾其他同事,那麼可能直接對他人的工作產生影響。好比說在聊天室裡提到某人的名字時,會讓他的電腦發出提示音,打斷他目前正在進行的工作。

最後我們決定允許這種打擾,因為被卡住會造成更大的浪費。

同時,我們也運用各種協作工具,例如用 GNU Screen 共享畫面、用 VNC 進行圖形界面測試,來進行結對開發(Pair programming)。在 2011 年初,我們大約有 80% 的開發工作是用結對方式合作進行的。


(請繼續閱讀下集。)

April 10, 2011 at 05:08 PM in Craft | Permalink | Comments (3) | TrackBack (0)

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心慟凡例 / An Instance of Sinthome

Alternate title: The Making of Hacking / 黑客行.

(Based on a conversation with 美乃滋章魚燒 on PerlYuYan / 中書珨, my first CPAN-published closet drama.)


其實“黑”很容易解釋:
NDS 上有一款 Scribblenauts 游戲,
小孩寫什麼就會出現什麼。

The idea of "hacking" is actually simple to illustrate: On 兔肝猴 there's a game called 撰空, where kids can sketch out arbitrary concepts and it would automagically manifest in-game.

從小看楚辭長大的小孩,
自然就會希望自己寫“昨夜西風凋碧樹”
就真的跑出碧樹來。

So a kid growing up reading ancient Hellenic tragedies, would naturally wish that penning "the sacred river Alph" and a river would promptly appear.

後來小孩長大了一點發現可以寫程式做到這件事。
就醬。:-)

Then the kid grew up a bit and discovered programming can accurately project infantile omnipotence into a transitional zone. That's it. :-)


後來照顧小孩的嬸嬸叔叔姑姑姑丈各自搬走,
小孩心臟病很嚴重不能出門旅行,
只能寫詩想念他們。

Shortly thereafter, the kid's primary caretakers - many uncles and aunts - formed families themselves and moved far away; the kid was born with severe ventricular septal defect and cannot travel at all, so the kid poured wailing into poetry.

後來發現這些詩只要押了特定的 -P 韻腳,
像是 TCP, UDP, IP, HTTP, XMPP,
就有魔力。

After a while, the kid had a discovery: As long as the poems rhyme on -協, such as 傳控協, 用信協, 跨協, 超文傳協 and 擴訊現協, mysterious power would appear out of nowhere.

小孩一開始祇會寫案頭詩,
後來再大一點,和其他人一起寫詩劇,
如今交織成噗浪和臉書。

So the kid first wrote closet drama, and later learned to compose huge verses based on multipart/mixed playwrights.

Then the Age of Melodrama arrived; the scripts from the previous Age became publicly performed on the stages of Twitter and Facebook.


藉助符文的力量,
真實世界裡的叔叔嬸嬸姑丈姑姑,
於是登入了詩中的幻境。

Thus it came to pass that Real aunts and uncles are now registering into the kid's Imaginary zone conjured from sheer Symbolic power.

以上是對於拉岡 Sinthome 概念的實例講解。:-)

The above is a field report illustrating Lacan's idea of 心慟. :-)


November 06, 2009 at 12:19 AM in Craft, People | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack (0)

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文章造天下,功業還蒼生。

(This is a Chinese translation of my previous blog post: Our paroqial fermament, one tide on another, written in mixed cn-tw vocabularies.)

(這是我前一篇部落格的中譯,標題原本引 Joyce,實在沒法譯,只好改周德偉的對聯,是當年辦藝立協時,每周在牆上看到的。)

Adina Levin 要我講講中文推特的資訊密度與英文有何不同,我答「且等咱們社算表(原圍紀算表)運行速度上的瑕疵都修好了再說。」

昨天我除完了蟲,這下只好勉力用英語編程了。

我首先想說的是,Ken 當年創發 UTF-8 編碼(見 Rob Pike 的現場實錄),實在已正確反映了英美字母和中日韓字元間的資訊差異。

想想,這通用字符集從 16 位元被迫擴充到了 21 位元,豈不正是「多如繁星,萬碼奔騰」的中文字害的麼?即便硬生生搞個漢同文,滅了無數重複字元,到頭來雙位元組仍是不敷使用。

假設推特的限制是 140 個 UTF-8「位元組」,那我們寫中文推特的感覺,和寫英文或許相去不遠。因為每個中文字占 3 個位元組——有時我用些生僻古字,超出了基本多語面,那就要占 4 個位元組了。

但歷史的意外,讓推特算的是 140 個「字符」。(不是「語素」,這我親身求證過了。)如此一則中文推特,就有 420 個位元組可用,相當於一篇博客短文了。

...且慢,還沒完呢!

要知道,中文有兩種寫法:Vernacular (白話) 和 Literary (文言)。

這白話呢,通常用兩個字符,來代表一個英文詞兒。像「網絡」,就是「Network」的意思。

在文言裡,每個字表示一組「概念」,像「網」,英文的「net」,可以是「網路」、「漁網」、「連網」、「網羅」的意思,全依上下文脈絡決定。

寫文言文時,字與字間既沒有空白,標點句讀也省略不少,這樣就有 140 組「概念」可用,換成英文得用 200 個詞來表示,也就是 1kb 的信息量。

理論如上,介紹完畢,接下來看看我最近的三則推特,小心求證一番。

第一則完全是大白話,第二則半文半白,第三則(最近的一則)則幾乎全是文言。

在白話到文言的過程裡,信息密度應該要遞增,這可以用英文譯本的長度來計算。

第一則是引陳映真(1936 年生,台灣當時影響力最大的作家及運動者之一)最近說過的話:

RT 陳映真:「文學退化,影像、聲音成為『當下世界』的符碼,」他說:「托爾斯泰生在今日,大部頭的作品也會喪失大量讀者。」現在的創作流行輕薄短小,又以自 我為中心,他因此形容這一代青年創作者「是脫光了衣服站在鏡子前面,凝視鏡中自己的身體與慾望… 他們讀的不多,不能成就崇高的文學」。(139 字)

谷歌將它譯成:

RT Chen Ying-chen: "Literature degradation, images, sounds become codes of present world," he said: "Tolstoy was born in today, voluminous works of the loss of a large number of readers will be."

Now the creation of popular thin and light short, Youyi self-centered, so he described this generation of young artists "is stripped of clothes and stand in front of the mirror, staring in the mirror his own body and desires ... they read much, does not develop high literature."

(475 字)

這譯本大致無誤,但小錯比比皆是(更別提對青年創作者身體的性別岐視了)。而最後一句更是整個譯錯:「他們讀得少」竟然譯成「他們讀得多」!

但至少這譯本還能達意,我們不妨除除看:中文與英文字元之比,是 3.4 倍。

接著第二則是我對陳的回應:

Re 陳映真:但背了整本維基,行遍無數國度,亦不成就崇高的文學。歐巴馬「以父之名」成不了作家,只好化藝術為行動、為現實。上一輩在高壓下,被迫濃粹經驗為符碼,而我們讀遍之後,融合歷史視域,還原此在而為 Hacktivism,竊自以為然。 (116 字)

谷歌的譯本這下亂了套,幾乎沒法看懂了。比例是 3.8 倍:

Chen Ying-chen Re: But the back of the whole wiki, line countless times a country, nor the noble achievements of literature. Obama, "Name of the Father" can not become a writer had to arts-based action, into reality. The last generation under high pressure, was forced to experience concentrated Intrade codes, and we read times, the integration of history, depending on the domain, restore this in the for Hacktivism, stolen from that it does.

(444 字)

我的翻譯如下,中英比率是 5.7:

Re Chen Ying-Zhen: But having an entire Wikipedia-backed memory, and having traveled to countless countries, still won't make high literature out of me.

Consider Obama who, having failed to launch a writer's career with "Dreams from my Father", is forced to project his art into activism and into reality-shaping.

My earlier generation, under tremendous Fascist pressure, is forced to distill their subjective experience to highly compressed literary code.

When my generation finished deciphering those codes to achieve a fusion of horizons, we decompressed them into the here-and-now as Hacktivism. This kind of adaption is IMHO natural and quite justified.

(662 字)

緊接著看第三則,近一步解釋前面的看法,大致用文言寫成:

舉實例言,《金盾工程》(即「功夫網」、「資訊長城」),無異吾儕之柏林牆。我十年前譯寫自由網,而至其後 Tor、無界等武裝,無非保持對話、以獨促統之意。與 Beijing.pm 嘗言:「功網未散,何以為族?」。凡此種種,生自文事,衍為武功,皆此代之共業。 (127 字)

谷歌譯出 509 字來,長則長矣,意義盡失(「促進意大利之統一」??),故不在此引述。茲譯如下:

As a concrete example, for our contemporary people, the "Golden Shield Project" (a.k.a., the "Gong-Fu Web", "Great Firewall of China") is no different from the Berlin Wall.

Ten years ago I translated and coded for the Freenet project; along with its follow-ups such as Tor and Wu-Jie, they're nothing but cyberspace armaments designed with the sole purpose of keeping the conversation flowing.

This way we maintain our independent identity, in the hope of accelerating a fusion of horizons with the Chinese government.

I've told Beijing.pm: "Without the dissipation of the Great Firewall, how can we make one people out of us?"

All these circumstances, born out of the literary world, has derived into the cyberspace hacktivism, and affected us in creating a software-shaped reality. This is a factor in the shared karmic setting of this generation.

(848 字)

正如所料,密度比例達到了 6.67 倍。切記,上述範例並非刻意作成:中文推特寫手,確實活在 2~8 倍於英文寫手的資訊密度當中。

October 12, 2009 at 04:22 AM in Craft, Lingua, Meta, People | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack (0)

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Our paroqial fermament, one tide on another.

(For a Chinese translation of this blog entry, see 中譯本:「文章造天下,功業還蒼生。」)

(Alternate title: "Chinese Twitter users live in a density 2x to 8x their English counterparts; here's why.")

I promised Adina Levin a treatise on the information density of Chinese characters on Twitter "after all SocialCalc (nee wikiCalc) performance bugs are fixed".

As I've fixed them yesterday, let's try coding some English...

I'll begin by saying that Ken's in(ter)vention of UTF-8 (as narrated by Rob Pike) accurately reflects the relative information density between ASCII and CJK characters.

After all, UCS was extended from 16-bits to 21-bits precisely because so damn many Chinese characters need to be encoded, even after the controversial decimation from the Han unification effort.

Hypothetically, if Twitter had set its limit to 140 UTF-8 bytes, then our experience when tweeting Chinese would be on par with tweeting English, because each Chinese character would then take 3 bytes — and since I occasionally venture beyond the BMP, sometimes 4 bytes.

By a historical accident, though, Twitter counts in characters. (Not graphemes, as I've clinically proved.) So that gives a Chinese tweet 420 effective bytes to work with, which is already sufficient for a short blog post.

...but wait, there's more!

You see, there are two modes of Chinese: Vernacular (白話) as well as Literary (文言).

Typically, the vernacular mode takes two characters to encode a English word, e.g. "網路" for "network".

While in Literary mode, one character encodes a concept, e.g. "網" for "net" can stand for "network", "fishnet", "to connect", or "to capture", depending on surrounding context.

So by writing in Literary mode, which conveniently also elides spaces and only uses minimal punctuation, gives me 140 concepts to work with, which is about 200 English words, or nearly 1kb of English text.

With that brief intro, let's use my three most recent tweets for a concrete demonstration.

The first one is entirely in vernacular mode, the second one is in mixed mode, while the third (most recent) one is written almost completely in Literary mode.

We shall see how the information density increases with the shift of modes, as compared with their English translations.

The first one is a quote from Chen Ying-Zhen, b. 1936, one of the greatest Taiwanese author and activist of his generation, who recently uttered:

RT 陳映真:「文學退化,影像、聲音成為『當下世界』的符碼,」他說:「托爾斯泰生在今日,大部頭的作品也會喪失大量讀者。」現在的創作流行輕薄短小,又以自我為中心,他因此形容這一代青年創作者「是脫光了衣服站在鏡子前面,凝視鏡中自己的身體與慾望… 他們讀的不多,不能成就崇高的文學」。(139 characters)

Google Translate renders the above as:

RT Chen Ying-chen: "Literature degradation, images, sounds become codes of present world," he said: "Tolstoy was born in today, voluminous works of the loss of a large number of readers will be."

Now the creation of popular thin and light short, Youyi self-centered, so he described this generation of young artists "is stripped of clothes and stand in front of the mirror, staring in the mirror his own body and desires ... they read much, does not develop high literature."

(475 characters)

The translation is subtly wrong on multiple regards (not to mention having a sexist default). It's especially wrong on the last sentence, where Chen actually said "they don't read much"!

But it's at least comprehensible, and will serve as a good compression-ratio example: the Chinese/English information density ratio here is 3.4x.

Now the second one is from me, a reply to Chen:

Re 陳映真:但背了整本維基,行遍無數國度,亦不成就崇高的文學。歐巴馬「以父之名」成不了作家,只好化藝術為行動、為現實。上一輩在高壓下,被迫濃粹經驗為符碼,而我們讀遍之後,融合歷史視域,還原此在而為 Hacktivism,竊自以為然。 (116 characters)

The Google Translation is much weaker this time, bordering on incomprehensible, with a ratio of 3.8x:

Chen Ying-chen Re: But the back of the whole wiki, line countless times a country, nor the noble achievements of literature. Obama, "Name of the Father" can not become a writer had to arts-based action, into reality. The last generation under high pressure, was forced to experience concentrated Intrade codes, and we read times, the integration of history, depending on the domain, restore this in the for Hacktivism, stolen from that it does.

(444 characters)

My own translation would be something like this, with a 5.7x ratio:

Re Chen Ying-Zhen: But having an entire Wikipedia-backed memory, and having traveled to countless countries, still won't make high literature out of me.

Consider Obama who, having failed to launch a writer's career with "Dreams from my Father", is forced to project his art into activism and into reality-shaping.

My earlier generation, under tremendous Fascist pressure, is forced to distill their subjective experience to highly compressed literary code.

When my generation finished deciphering those codes to achieve a fusion of horizons, we decompressed them into the here-and-now as Hacktivism. This kind of adaption is IMHO natural and quite justified.

(662 characters)

This leads us to the third tweet, a follow-on elaboration composed entirely in Literary mode:

舉實例言,《金盾工程》(即「功夫網」、「資訊長城」),無異吾儕之柏林牆。我十年前譯寫自由網,而至其後 Tor、無界等武裝,無非保持對話、以獨促統之意。與 Beijing.pm 嘗言:「功網未散,何以為族?」。凡此種種,生自文事,衍為武功,皆此代之共業。 (127 characters)

The Google translation at 509 characters is entirely incomprehensible ("promoting unification of Italy"??), so I'll not even bother quoting here. My translation:

As a concrete example, for our contemporary people, the "Golden Shield Project" (a.k.a., the "Gong-Fu Web", "Great Firewall of China") is no different from the Berlin Wall.

Ten years ago I translated and coded for the Freenet project; along with its follow-ups such as Tor and Wu-Jie, they're nothing but cyberspace armaments designed with the sole purpose of keeping the conversation flowing.

This way we maintain our independent identity, in the hope of accelerating a fusion of horizons with the Chinese government.

I've told Beijing.pm: "Without the dissipation of the Great Firewall, how can we make one people out of us?"

All these circumstances, born out of the literary world, has spawned into cyberspace as hacktivism, and affected us in creating a software-shaped reality. This is a factor in the shared karmic setting of this generation.

(848 characters)

Here the ratio is 6.67x. Bear in mind that this is not an edge-case of maximum compression rate; Chinese Twitter users constantly live in a density anywhere from 2x to 8x of their English counterparts.

October 11, 2009 at 07:30 PM in Craft, Lingua, Meta, People | Permalink | Comments (4) | TrackBack (0)

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